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Submitted: 29 Nov 2024
Revision: 21 Jan 2025
Accepted: 25 Jan 2025
ePublished: 30 Jun 2025
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Avicenna J Dent Res. 2025;17(2): 118-123.
doi: 10.34172/ajdr.2178
  Abstract View: 32
  PDF Download: 3

Original Article

Evaluating the Remineralizing Potential of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite on Enamel After At-Home Bleaching: An In Vitro Study

S. Swathi Priyadharshini 1,2 ORCID logo, Syed Ashiyana 2, Chinnasamy Ragavendran 1* ORCID logo, Anand Sherwood 2

1 Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
2 Department of Conservative Dentistry and Enodontics, C.S.I. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625001, India
*Corresponding Author: Chinnasamy Ragavendran, Email: ragavan889@gmail.com

Abstract

Background: Tooth bleaching may result in enamel demineralization and increased surface roughness. This study aimed to investigate the effects of at-home bleaching on enamel surface morphology and assess the potential of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) as a remineralizing agent compared to casein-phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex (CPP-ACP).

Methods: Extracted premolars were divided into four groups. Group 1 had no treatment, while group 2 was treated with 22% carbamide peroxide. In addition, group 3 was treated with 22% carbamide peroxide followed by remineralization with CPP-ACP, and group 4 was treated with 22% carbamide peroxide followed by remineralization with CHA. After bleaching with 22% carbamide peroxide, remineralization agents were applied for seven days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to evaluate surface morphology and elemental composition.

Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in calcium and phosphorus levels but an increase in carbon content in Groups 2, 3, and 4 compared to Group 1 (P=0.000). Group 4 (bleached and CHA-treated) had the highest carbon content (40.2±0.9 wt (%)). SEM analysis revealed a smooth enamel surface in group 1, while group 2 (bleached) displayed increased surface irregularities. Groups 3 and 4, treated with CPP-ACP and CHA, respectively, confirmed significant mineral deposition on enamel surfaces.

Conclusion: Overall, at-home bleaching with 22% carbamide peroxide caused enamel damage and mineral loss. Both CPP-ACP and CHA demonstrated potential for remineralization following bleaching.



Please cite this article as follows: Priyadharshini SS, Ashiyana S, Ragavendran C, Sherwood A. Evaluating the Remineralizing Potential of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite on Enamel After At-Home Bleaching: An In Vitro Study. Avicenna J Dent Res. 2025;17(2):118-123. doi:10.34172/ajdr.2178
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